▷公关高管Justine Sacco于2013年12月20日登机飞往南非前发推:"Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. Just kidding. I'm white!" 她当时只有170名关注者,发推后30分钟内无人回复便关机登机。传百11小时飞行中,时任Gawker旗下Valleywag编辑 Sam Biddle 将其转发给自己约1.5万名关注者,并以标题"And Now, a Funny Holiday Joke From IAC's P.R. Boss"发文,推文遂病毒式扩散,。她落地即失业、社会性死亡。图源:ir.mtch.com
[2] FESTINGER L, PEPITONE A, NEWCOMB T. Some consequences of deindividuation in a group[J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1952, 47(2 Suppl.): 382-389.
[3] ZIMBARDO P G. The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos[J]. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1969, 17: 237-307.
[4] ROST K, STAHEL L, FREY B S. Digital Social Norm Enforcement: Online Firestorms in Social Media[J]. PLOS ONE, 2016, 11(6): e0155923.
[5] CHO D, KWON K H. The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 51: 363-372.
[6] JOHNSON R D, DOWNING L L. Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(9): 1532-1538.
[7] RÖSNER L, KRÄMER N C. Verbal Venting in the Social Web: Effects of Anonymity and Group Norms on Aggressive Language Use in Online Comments[J]. Social Media + Society, 2016, 2(3): 2056305116664220.
[8] REICHER S D. The St. Pauls’ riot: An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1984, 14(1): 1-21.
[9] DRURY J, COCKING C, REICHER S D. The nature of collective resilience: Survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings[J]. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 2009, 27: 66-95.
[10] SULER J. The Online Disinhibition Effect[J]. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2004, 7(3): 321-326.
[11] BRADY W J, MCLOUGHLIN K L, TORRES M P, et al., Overperception of moral outrage in online social networks inflates beliefs about intergroup hostility[J]. Nature Human Behaviour, 2023, 7(6): 917-927.
[12] BRADY W J, WILLS J A, JOST J T, et al., Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 114(28): 7313-7318.
[13] LERMAN K, YAN X, WU X Z. The “Majority Illusion” in Social Networks[J]. PLOS ONE, 2016, 11(2): e0147617.
[14] BRADY W J, MCLOUGHLIN K, DOAN T N, et al., How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks[J]. Science Advances, 2021, 7(33): eabe5641.
[15] DRURY J. The Psychology of Crowd Behavior[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 2026, 77(Volume 77, 2026): 339-364.
▷公关高管Justine Sacco于2013年12月20日登机飞往南非前发推:"Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. Just kidding. I'm white!" 她当时只有170名关注者,发推后30分钟内无人回复便关机登机。传百11小时飞行中,时任Gawker旗下Valleywag编辑 Sam Biddle 将其转发给自己约1.5万名关注者,并以标题"And Now, a Funny Holiday Joke From IAC's P.R. Boss"发文,推文遂病毒式扩散,。她落地即失业、社会性死亡。图源:ir.mtch.com
[2] FESTINGER L, PEPITONE A, NEWCOMB T. Some consequences of deindividuation in a group[J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1952, 47(2 Suppl.): 382-389.
[3] ZIMBARDO P G. The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos[J]. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1969, 17: 237-307.
[4] ROST K, STAHEL L, FREY B S. Digital Social Norm Enforcement: Online Firestorms in Social Media[J]. PLOS ONE, 2016, 11(6): e0155923.
[5] CHO D, KWON K H. The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 51: 363-372.
[6] JOHNSON R D, DOWNING L L. Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(9): 1532-1538.
[7] RÖSNER L, KRÄMER N C. Verbal Venting in the Social Web: Effects of Anonymity and Group Norms on Aggressive Language Use in Online Comments[J]. Social Media + Society, 2016, 2(3): 2056305116664220.
[8] REICHER S D. The St. Pauls’ riot: An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1984, 14(1): 1-21.
[9] DRURY J, COCKING C, REICHER S D. The nature of collective resilience: Survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings[J]. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 2009, 27: 66-95.
[10] SULER J. The Online Disinhibition Effect[J]. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2004, 7(3): 321-326.
[11] BRADY W J, MCLOUGHLIN K L, TORRES M P, et al., Overperception of moral outrage in online social networks inflates beliefs about intergroup hostility[J]. Nature Human Behaviour, 2023, 7(6): 917-927.
[12] BRADY W J, WILLS J A, JOST J T, et al., Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 114(28): 7313-7318.
[13] LERMAN K, YAN X, WU X Z. The “Majority Illusion” in Social Networks[J]. PLOS ONE, 2016, 11(2): e0147617.
[14] BRADY W J, MCLOUGHLIN K, DOAN T N, et al., How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks[J]. Science Advances, 2021, 7(33): eabe5641.
[15] DRURY J. The Psychology of Crowd Behavior[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 2026, 77(Volume 77, 2026): 339-364.